What concept does a student who reads a book upside down need to improve upon?

A student who reads a book upside down is demonstrating a need for improved print awareness. Print awareness refers to the understanding of the basics of how print works, which includes recognizing the orientation of text, knowing that reading occurs from left to right, and understanding that letters and words have specific arrangements. This foundational skill is essential for developing effective reading habits.

When a student holds a book upside down, it indicates that they may not yet have a clear understanding of these conventions. Improving print awareness will help them learn to navigate text correctly, which is crucial for developing their reading skills further. In contrast, phonological awareness relates to the sounds of spoken language, fluency involves reading speed and expression, and vocabulary encompasses the words and their meanings, all of which are important but not directly tied to the physical orientation and structure of print.